Pharmacy (from the Greek ???????? = drug) is a chemical science and profession charged with ensuring the safe use of medication. Traditionally, pharmacists have compounded and dispensed medications on the orders of physicians. More recently, pharmacy has come to include other services related to patient care including clinical practice, medication review, and drug information. Some of these new pharmaceutical roles are now mandated by law in various legislatures. Pharmacists, therefore, are drug therapy experts, and the primary health professionals who optimise medication management to produce positive health-outcomes. The symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy are the mortar and pestle and the ? (recipere) character. Pharmacy organisations often employ other elements, such as the Bowl of Hygieia, conical measures, and caduceuses in their logos. Other symbols are common in different countries such as the green Greek cross in France and Great Britain, the increasingly-rare Gaper in The Netherlands, and a red stylised letter A in Germany. complex clinical medication management issues whereas pharmacists in community pharmacies often have more complex business and customer relations issues. Because of the complexity of the medication use system, many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area. Hospital pharmacies can usually be found within the premises of the hospital. Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications, than would be feasible in the community setting. Most hospital medications are unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine. Hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients including total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and other medications given intravenously. This is a complex process that requires adequate training of personnel, quality assurance of products, and adequate facilities. Some hospital pharmacies have decided to outsource high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding. [edit] Internet pharmacy Recently, a number of pharmacies have begun operating over the internet. Many such pharmacies are, in some ways, similar to community pharmacies; the primary difference is the method by which the medications are requested and received. Some customers consider this to be more convenient than traveling to a community drugstore. Some internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription. Some customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the "inconvenience" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe. However, this practice has been criticized as potentially dangerous, especially by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication. There have also been reports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard products. In the United States, there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries, in order to reduce consumer costs. Although importation of prescription medication currently violates Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and federal laws, enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers, rather than consumers. [edit] The future of pharmacy In the coming decades, pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system. Rather than simply dispensing medication, pharmacists expect to be paid for their cognitive skills. This paradigm shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance, pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In Great Britain, pharmacists (and nurses) who undertake additional training are obtaining prescribing rights. In the United States, consultant pharmacists, who traditionally operated primarily in nursing homes are now expanding into direct consultation with patients, under the banner of "senior care pharmacy." Many universities are altering their programs to increase emphasis in fields such as pharmacotherapeutics, clinical pharmacy, nuclear pharmacy, disease state management, etc. Access to student services by website, phone, and mail CanadaDrugs.comTM is Canada's largest International Prescription Service ("Internet") Pharmacy. Since opening in April of 2001, Canada DrugsTM has earned many pharmacy accreditations and become one of the most trusted Canadian discount pharmacies on the Internet. With over 250 full time staff, and over 3,000 prescriptions filled every day and shipped safely to patients internationally. You can trust us with your prescription drug purchase. Canada DrugsTM is located at: 24 Terracon Place, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R2J 4G7. [full contact information] CanadaDrugs.comTM is licensed by the Manitoba Pharmaceutical Association: License # 32195. Canada DrugsTM is a Canadian pharmacy of choice for purchasing your discount prescription drugs and medication. At Canada DrugsTM, buying from an online Canadian pharmacy has never been easier. You can order prescription drugs and medication from Canada DrugsTM at discount prices by supplying a valid, prescription from a licensed physician. Our international online pharmacy also offers convenient prescription refills. At Canada DrugsTM, we maintain the highest standards in patient safety of any Canadian online pharmacy. We believe access to essential prescription drugs should be safe, convenient, and affordable for all. Canada DrugsTM is proud to be the first Canadian pharmacy to receive accreditation from IMPAC (Internet and Mailorder Pharmacy Accreditation Commission). Canada DrugsTM is also a certified member of the Canadian Internet Pharmacy Association (CIPA), the Better Business Bureau (BBB), VeriSign and is a 5 star rated pharmacy from Pharmacy Checker.com. As a premiere Canadian Internet-based and mail order pharmacy, Canada DrugsTM pharmacy is licensed by the Manitoba Pharmaceutical Association to distribute prescription medication. * All prices are subject to change at any time. Exchange rates under license from XE.com. For questions regarding pricing and availability of products from CanadaDrugs.comTM you may call 1-800-CAN-DRUG (1-800-226-3784). CanadaDrugs.comTM is presently licensed in the province of Manitoba by the Manitoba Pharmaceutical Association. License Number 32195 CanadaDrugs.comTM is located at: 24 Terracon Place, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R2J 4G7 Copyright © 2006 CanadaDrugs.comTM. All rights reserved. "Canada Drugs" and "CanadaDrugs.com" are registered trademarks used under exclusive license by CanadaDrugs.comTM. All rights reserved The College of Pharmacy is situated in the foothills of the Wasatch Mountains in L.S. Skaggs Hall, which houses college and departmental offices. The College of Pharmacy is part of the Health Sciences Center which incorporates the University of Utah Hospital and Clinics, The School of Medicine, the Colleges of Health, Nursing, and Pharmacy as well as the Eccles Health Sciences Library. The College of Pharmacy has state-of-the-art facilities to train students in all areas of the biomedical sciences and professional practice. Adjacent facilities for research and instruction include the Biomedical Polymers Research Building, University Research Park and University Hospital. Clinical clerkships, post-graduate residency and fellowship training is also available in a variety of professional practice settings. The student/faculty ratio in all programs is small so students receive concentrated, individual attention. The faculty, many of whom are recognized authorities in their areas of specialization, are committed to providing each student with a valuable educational experience. Since the college is located within the Health Sciences Center, pharmacy students can interact on a daily basis with students who are training in the other health professions and sciences such as medicine, nursing or physician assistants. Student professional organizations are active on campus and provide students with the opportunity to participate in extracurricular service and social activities. General Information The application deadline for 2007 will be January 10, 2007. The application will be online and available after October 1, 2006. Students are required to make an application to the Doctor of Pharmacy Program and an application to the Graduate School of the University of Utah. Applications not meeting the January 10th deadline will not be reviewed. Advanced Placement Scores accepted by the Admissions Committee Calculus: a score of 4 or 5 on either the AB or BC waives only the first semester of calculus. Chemistry: a score of 4 or 5 waives only the first semester of general chemistry. Physics: a score of 4 or 5 on the physic B; C:MECH; C:E&M waives only the first semester of any physics series. Pre-professional GPA Students must have a pre-professional grade point average of 2.75 or higher in the pre-required science course work. The Admissions Committee reviews every time you take a course; and if a course is repeated the second repeat grade is used in the pre-professional grade point calculation. The average pre-professional GPA for the accepted students for the past 4 years has been a 3.55 (ranging from a 2.77 to a 4.0). Pharmacy College Admissions Test (PCAT) Applicants to the University of Utah College of Pharmacy are required to take the PCAT. Information concerning the PCAT and registration can be found at: www.pcatweb.info. For students applying for admission starting fall semester 2007 the latest PCAT scores accepted will be the October, 2006 test. A composite score above the 65th percentile must be obtained before the Admissions Committee will review an application. For the past 4 years the average composite score for those students accepted has been the 91st percentile. Pharmacy Experience is Required Students need pharmacy experience. If you are a technician you will be asked to provide a copy of your current technician license and complete the pharmacy experience block that will be part of the application. If you are interested in becoming a technician the following website has a list of State Board of Pharmacy approved technician training programs: http://www.dopl.utah.gov/licensing/pharmacy.html If you have not worked as a technician the Admissions Committee recommends shadowing pharmacists in various practice settings for a minimum of 40 hours. A shadowing form must be completed by the pharmacist you shadowed and mailed directly from the pharmacist to the Admissions Committee. The form is available here. Recommendations For the upcoming 2007 application three (3) recommendation forms will be required. One - from a professor you have taken a course with; one - from a supervisor you have worked under; and, one - from a volunteer/community service supervisor. The recommendation form will be available after October 1, 2006. Community Services/Leadership As part of the application you will be requested to provide the Admissions Committee with a summary of your community service activities and any leadership roles you have held. Community service is defined as work you do as a volunteer whether with a church or school organization or something you do on your own. TOEFL Internet-based test For students whose first language is not English the TOEFL iBT must be taken. This test has four components: reading, listening, speaking and writing. A minimum score of 25 must be obtained for the speaking component and a total score of 61 must be obtained for all sections in order to make an application to the Doctor of Pharmacy Professional Program. Information on the TOEFL iBt can be found at: www.ets.org. Statistics from the last application process The Admissions Committee interviewed 130 applicants out of an applicant pool of 240 for the entering class of 2006. Forty-eight students were accepted. The average pre-professional GPA for the entering class is: 3.56. The average composite PCAT score for the entering class is: the 90th percentile. For questions regarding Admission or Applications please contact Marion Lennberg at (801) 581-7503 in the College of Pharmacy Admissions Office or send email to: PharmD.Admissions@pharm.utah.edu Thank you for your interest in the University of Utah College of Pharmacy About.com: Buying Prescription Drugs in Mexico - Offers the pros and cons and further considerations including bringing the medications back through customs. Argus Health Systems, Inc. - Provides pharmacy information technology, value-added administration, and claims processing. Learn about Argus, its products, services, and career information. Assorted ACPE Acredited Pharmacy CE - Comprehensive database of free online ACPE-accredited Pharmacy Continuing Education(CE); database contains more than 10 years worth of free ACPE credits; fee CE's also included. Baker APS - Pharmacy automation products, from pill counting to robotic systems and from design services to pharmacy workflow software. Brookcare Pharmacy Services - Provides over the counter and prescription drug pharmacy services to Assisted Living residences, Alzheimer's Care residences and skilled nursing facilities. Comprehensive Pharmacy Services - The Nations Leading Pharmacy Management Company. Since 1971 Comprehensive Pharmacy Services has provided our clients the highest level of pharmacy services throughout the continuum of the overall healthcare system. Dr. Ahmed Elgarhi - Egyptian pharmacist offers data on drug interaction , precautions in pregnancy and pharmacy education in U.S.A. Drug Store News - Information about the drug store industry, trends, news articles, links. DrugInfoNet.com - The Internet source for healthcare information. Provides both information and links to areas on the web concerning healthcare and pharmaceutical-related topics. This free service is brought to you to improve your education as consumers and healthcare professionals. FutureRx.com - A community with discussion forums that focus on future prescription drugs in the pipelines for various diseases. Health Central: People's Pharmacy - Provides drug and health information to consumers. Articles, drug and herb libraries, home remedies, in-depth guides, answers to frequently asked questions, and summaries of radio programs. The Hospital Pharmacist Journal - Full text of Hospital Pharmacist plus jobs in hospital pharmacy. InPharm.com - The leading pharmaceutical resource on the Internet - healthcare industries; news, views, jobs, directories of agencies, professional organisations and freelancers, along with thousands of links out into the Internet. Irish Pharmacy Pages - News and views about Irish Pharmacy with particular interest to community pharmacists. Johnston Rorke - Pharmacy Services - Accountant specialising in Pharmacy Advice. Over 150 pharmacy clients. The Journal of Pharmacy Technology - For both pharmacists and technicians, jPT provides valuable information for those interested in the entire body of pharmacy practice. Maxor - Maxor is committed to the cost-effective delivery of quality products and services through our pharmacy benefit management, specialty injectables, and other services. Meditec Pty., Ltd. - Delivering automation products to pharmacists around the world. Mypharmacy - Health Advice - A UK pharmacist shares his knowledge and experience on keeping healthy, and what to do when you are not so well. National Co-op Pharmacy Branches - Health advice and NCC store locator. Numark Pharmacists - Advice about diseases and conditions, herbal remedies and homeopathy. Ask the pharmacist a question, shop online or just find your local Numark Pharmacist. Paramount Data, LLC - Software for pharmacists involved with extemporaneous pharmaceutical compounding (CompoundIt(r)) and other clinical pharmacy related software. Paul Hsiao, PharmD's Clinical Pharmacy Center - Offers pharmacy/medical related news. PDR.net - Offers healthcare information tailored to physicians, nurses, pharmacists, physicians assistants and consumers. Pharm Vision - Providing quality pharmacy and health information to empower consumers to make better informed healthcare decisions. PharmaCE - Pharmacist & Technician Continuing Education - ACPE-approved continuing education from the publisher of The Annals of Pharmacotherapy and the Journal of Pharmacy Technology. The PharmaChannel - Web-based information services designed to inform and connect the Canadian Pharmacy community, and anyone with an interest and role in this important sector of the healthcare industry. Pharmacist.com - Source for pharmacy news, drug information, jobs, continuing education, books and resources. Pharmacist's Guide to Drug and Medical Information on the Internet - Clinical Pharmacist's web page containing links to helpful and informative drug and medical information sites. Drug databases are available. PharmacoEthics - Dedicated to the exploration of ethical issues related to the development, promotion, sales, prescription, and use of pharmaceuticals. Includes articles, news stories, organizations and links. Pharmacy Choice - Provides online pharmacy news, continuing education, career services, drug resources and pharmacy business solutions for today's pharmacists and pharmacy related industries. Pharmacy Compounding Customizes Prescription Drugs - FDA Consumer magazine feature article on pharmacy compounding laws. Pharmacy OneSource - The "one" source for information and resources for the pharmacy profession. The Pharmacy Student's Guide to Life - A place for students to get guidance and support. PharmaSource.com - Provides customized pharmacy management services to hospitals and health care systems including staffing, clinical programs, regulatory compliance and inventory control. PharmaSYST - Pharmacy with an Engineering Focus - Designed to blend the professions of pharmacy and industrial engineering and explore the possibilities of pharmacy informatics. PharmCatalyst - For retail pharmacists, technicians, and pharmacy students needing information on pharmacists continuing education, technician CE, jobs, drugs, herbs and diseases. Pharmex.com - Since 1954, Pharmex has worked with pharmacies to develop products and services designed to improve efficiency and enhance pharmacy operations. Products include pharmacy opening kits, prescription laser and thermal forms, warning labels, fonts, and other pharmacy and business supplies. Physician's Pharmilink - A one-stop resource for ordering free pharmaceutical samples from leading manufacturers - 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Exclusively for physicians. Prodigy Data Systems, Inc. - Specializing in pharmacy management software. Proxymed Pharmacies Solutions and Services - Online service that allows pharmacy staff to process physician prescriptions and refill requests, check formularies and drug interactions, and file claims for reimbursement. Rx30 Pharmacy Management Systems - Pharmacy software available on the medical market. Rx Tech School - Offers review courses and manuals for pharmacy technicians who need to pass the PTCB exam. RxAmerica - A leading Pharmacy Benefits Management provider, offering proven solutions and tools to improve the health of your members while reducing overall benefits cost. Includes FAQs, news, careers and contact details. RxDesktop - Includes metric to standard conversions, common medical abbreviations, and a rebate program. Presented by Taro Pharmaceuticals U.S.A. Inc. RXinsider - Free pharmacy training programs, pharmacy news, Spanish for pharmacists, career opportunities, CE's, and industry stocks. RxRelay.com - Provides medical information delivery services for doctors, pharmacies, patients, and healthcare organizations free of charge. RxSystems, Inc. - Established in 1979 by Richard Jensen, is a privately-owned company specializing in the manufacturing and distribution of pharmacy-related products. Student Doctor Network - Pharmacy Forums - Online discussions for pharmacy students and practitioners. Synthetica - Located in Oslo and is an efficient, flexible, and independent synthesis laboratory. Broad experience in the synthesis of organic compounds of wide structural variety. US FDA: Buying Medicines and Medical Products Online - FAQ on health concerns and legal aspects of buying medications over the Internet and from foreign sources. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Do you envision a career helping people understand the effects of medication on their body? Do you see yourself collaborating with health care professionals to determine effective drug therapy for patients? With the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree from USP, you'll gain a competitive edge in one of the fastest-growing professions in health care. Why USP? USP is the only place to study pharmacy. You won't do any better than nearly 200 years of experience in the profession. In 1821, we established the first college of pharmacy in North America. Philadelphia College of Pharmacy's long tradition of educating pharmacists to be leaders in health care is built on our unique combination of: A broad curriculum that integrates liberal arts and sciences courses with pharmacy and health sciences courses. You'll study the complex nature of drugs and their effects, the regulatory and administrative aspects of contemporary pharmacy practice, and applications of information technology in health care. In addition, you'll learn to interact with other health care professionals and educate patients and consumers regarding medication use. Capstone courses in human disorders and medication through which you'll explore drug therapy in the management and prevention of many disease states, work directly with data systems records that simulate those used in pharmacy practice, and develop drug therapy regimens using data from actual patients in our Center for Advanced Pharmacy Studies (CAPS). Clerkship experiences in a variety of pharmacy practice settings in community and hospital pharmacies, clinics and managed care organizations, pharmaceutical industry sites, regulatory agencies, and research laboratories. Faculty who are leading scientists, researchers, and practicing pharmacists. Many have held elected leadership positions in the most prominent pharmacy and scientific organizations, authored nationally renowned textbooks, and received prestigious awards for their teaching and professional accomplishments. Opportunities to develop mentoring relationships with pharmacists from all types of practice settings who participate extensively in professional courses on our campus. Preparation to sit for the licensing examination. Licensure is required to enter the pharmacy profession. Your Life as a Pharmacist Pharmacists work in a variety of settings such as community pharmacies, hospitals, or clinics. Other possibilities include home health care agencies, government settings, and industry settings where you might work on drug discovery and development, clinical trials, sales and marketing, production, quality assurance, drug information, or regulatory affairs. Pharmacists work closely with other health professionals to select appropriate drug therapy for patients, evaluate the success of the therapy, and ensure that patients understand their medications. Your Future in Pharmacy Increased medication and health care needs of an older population, more effective drugs to treat and prevent diseases, and a growing population have resulted in a shortage of pharmacists nationwide. The employment outlook for pharmacists is “very good,” according to the U.S. Department of Labor. New opportunities are emerging for pharmacists in managed-care organizations and for pharmacists trained in research, disease management, and pharmacoeconomics, the science of determining the costs and benefits of different drug therapies. As a USP Pharm.D. graduate, you will be recognized as a highly competent professional, and in demand among employers because of the thorough science, clinical, and research background you'll acquire. More than 90 percent of recent graduates are placed in positions before graduation. Hands-on Learning at USP Throughout the Pharm.D. program, you'll apply the knowledge and skills you develop. You'll use the latest information technology to solve complex drug information questions, prepare specialized dosage forms in our laboratories, and assess a patient's response to drug therapy by doing physical exams and interpreting laboratory results from blood tests and other types of tests. Many USP Pharm.D. students work in pharmacies during semester breaks and summers. Whether you are interested in working at a community or hospital pharmacy or exploring diverse opportunities within the pharmaceutical industry, the Public Health Service, or a variety of community health initiatives, we will help you find positions that offer an interesting and rewarding start to your career. In your final year, you will put your skills to work during a clerkship in a variety of pharmacy practice settings including some of the nation's leading hospitals, retail pharmacy chains and independent pharmacies, clinics, pharmaceutical companies, managed care organizations, drug information centers, regulatory agencies, and research organizations. Learn from the Best Preparing well-educated and experienced Pharm.D. graduates requires the best faculty in the industry. You'll learn from people like: Steve Sheaffer, Pharm.D., a past president of the American Society of Health-system Pharmacists, one of the nation's largest and most respected professional organizations for pharmacists who practice in hospitals, clinics, and other types of institutions. After graduating from PCP/USP, Dr. Sheaffer completed additional training at the Crozer Health System. After many years of practice and administrative experience, he returned to USP to coordinate our clerkship and experiential learning program. He is also the advisor for our student chapter of ASHP. Sarah Spinler, Pharm.D., who completed her Pharm.D. degree at the University of Minnesota and post-doctoral training at the University of Illinois. Dr. Spinler is a nationally known expert on cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and investigates ways to improve long-term survival and quality of life after heart attacks. Joan Tarloff, Ph.D., who holds a pharmacy degree from the University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and a Ph.D. from the Medical College of Ohio. After post-doctoral training and experience in the pharmaceutical industry, Dr. Tarloff established a research program at USP to study ways to improve cancer drugs. She teaches pharmacology and physiology courses. Lisa Davis, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCOP, one of about only 300 board-certified oncology pharmacy specialists in the country. Dr. Davis trained at the University of Arizona and the University of Kentucky before coming to USP in 1986. Together, with other leading cancer researchers in Philadelphia, she works on developing new drugs to treat all types of cancers. She shares her experience and insight with students in the classroom, her research laboratory, and through her practice at one of the area's top cancer centers. William McGhan, Pharm.D.,Ph.D., recognized worldwide as a leader in the area of pharmacoeconomics, the field that studies the cost-effectiveness and economic impact of drug therapy. Cathy Poon, Pharm.D., who received her pharmacy degree from St. John's University and completed post-doctoral training at the Medical University of South Carolina and the University of Oklahoma where she developed expertise in pediatric pharmacotherapy. Dr. Poon coordinates one of the capstone courses, teaches most of the pediatric course material, and maintains an active clinical practice in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pardeep Gupta, Ph.D., who holds a pharmacy degree from Panjab University in India and a Ph.D. in pharmaceutics from the University of Wisconsin. Dr. Gupta has an active research program in which he is developing ways to administer high-tech, protein-based drug products. He teaches in the pharmaceutics courses and labs. The USP Pharmacy Curriculum Note: Curriculum information below is for students entering USP in Fall 2006 and beyond. For students enrolled in the PharmD program prior to Fall 2006, please see the University Catalog, your advisor, or refer to the most recent publication of the Polonius for a description of the curriculum. Our intensive Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) program is built upon a strong foundation in the physical, biological, chemical, and social sciences, and the liberal arts. After completing all required courses at USP with a cumulative G.P.A. of 2.70 or greater and a cumulative natural science/math G.P.A. of 2.30 or greater, you will progress to the first professional year (third year) of the curriculum. The professional pharmacy curriculum includes courses in: Pharmaceutical sciences, including pharmacology and pharmaceutics, which is the study of dosage formulations and drug stability. Clinical pharmacy, emphasizing patient assessment skills and application of rational drug therapy. Pharmacy practice and management, including evaluation of drug information, regulatory and ethical issues related to pharmacy practice, and basic management and administrative skills. You will participate in an introductory pharmacy practice experience. This will begin in your first professional year and continue through your second and third professional years. Forty weeks of clinical training will occur in your final year. As a student in the Pharm.D. program, you will learn how to: Educate patients on the use, composition, and effects of drugs. Dispense drugs prescribed by physicians and other health practitioners. Counsel patients about medications and their uses. Advise physicians and other health practitioners on the selection, dosages, interactions, and side effects of medications. First Year General Biology I and II General Chemistry I and II Chemistry Lab College Composition Mathematical Analysis I and II Pharmacy Orientation Physical Education Social Science Fundamental Requirement Second Year Human Anatomy/Histology Organic Chemistry I and II Organic Chemistry Lab Intellectual Heritage I and II Physics I Social Science Fundamental Requirement Introduction to Pharmacy & Healthcare Core Distribution Requirements Microbiology Third Year Physiology I and II Core Distribution Requirement Introduction to Communications Biostatistics/research design Biochemistry Physiology II Professional Experience I Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy Skills Immunology Molecular Biology Pharmaceutical Calculations Fourth Year Professional Experience II Drug Information/Literature Evaluation I Pharmaceutics I and II Pharmacology/Medicinal Chemistry I and II Pharmacotherapeutics/Human Diseases I and II Practice Lab & Case Studies I and II OTC Medications and Devices Pharmacy Management Fifth Year Professional Experience III Pharmacology/Medicinal Chemistry III Pharmacotherapeutics/Human Diseases III and IV Practice Lab & Case Studies III and IV Law, Ethics Applied Pharmacoeconomics Literature Evaluation II Free Elective Professional Electives Clinical Pharmacokinetics Professional Seminar Sixth Year Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience (eight rotations/five weeks in length) Total credits: 211 Professional Connections in Pharmacy Through involvement in student pharmacy organizations, you'll have an unprecedented opportunity to learn more about careers in all types of pharmacy practice while networking with your peers from our pharmacy school and others across the nation. In addition, our faculty advisors, alumni, and other practitioners will help you develop the leadership and teamwork skills that will accelerate your career and make you even more competitive in the field. Our professional pharmacy organizations include: American Pharmacist Association/Academy of Students of Pharmacy Student Chapter, Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy Student Chapter of Pennsylvania Society of Health-System Pharmacists/American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Student Chapter of the National Community Pharmacists Association In addition, you'll have many more opportunities to network with USP alumni and working professionals through our career pathways program and other activities. Doctor of Pharmacy Program Frequently Asked Questions 1) How long is the program? 2) What are the requirements for admission? 3) Don't computers/pharm techs do all the things a pharmacist can do? 4) Can you describe the sixth-year rotations? In what areas of pharmacy will I be working? Answers: 1) The Doctor of Pharmacy program is six years in duration if you enter as a first year student. 2) The most important item reviewed by the Admission Committee is the high school transcript. A strong math and science background provides an excellent foundation for professional study. The average GPA for admitted students is 3.5. The average SAT score for students admitted to the University is 1100, while the ACT average is 25. Students applying for the third year of the program must complete the Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT). 3) No, all questions related to prescriptions, health matters, or drug information must be referred to the licensed pharmacist. Such counseling cannot be done by either pharmacy technicians or by computers. 4) Specialty areas of practice include nuclear pharmacy, infectious diseases, oncology, psychiatry, pediatrics, nutrition, and geriatrics. You will gain experience in hospitals, clinics, retail settings, laboratories, and a variety of other settings. For more information……… Diploma - Pharmacy Technician In the pharmacy technician program, you'll learn to work closely with pharmacists to provide medication and health care products to patients. Study includes: Receiving prescriptions from doctors and hospitals Preparing prescriptions for patients Verifying insurance and prescription information Assisting the pharmacist with everyday duties With the right credentials, you can: Work for a retail pharmacy, local druggist, grocery store, or hospital. Be an important part of a rewarding profession. Demand for pharmacy technicians will rise 29% by 2012. Because of expansion of retail pharmacies and other employment settings, good job opportunities are expected for full-time and part-time pharmacy technicians with formal training. That means more employment opportunity for you Questions Related to Pharmacy Technician Registration What are the prerequisites for being eligible for registration? A pharmacy technician must either hold current certification from the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB) or satisfactorily complete a Virginia Board of Pharmacy approved training program and pass a Board of Pharmacy approved examination. An applicant must also submit an application form with fee to the board for review. Where can I get an application form? Applications on our website on the applications and forms page or by contacting the board office at 804-662-9911. What is the fee for registration? A person who wishes to register as a pharmacy technician must submit a completed application and a $25 fee to the Board of Pharmacy. Checks are to be made payable to the “Treasurer of Virginia”. The application will usually be reviewed and verified, and processed within 7 to 10 business days. A pharmacy technician must maintain their registration in order to continue performing technician tasks. This requires a $15 annual renewal fee and the completion of 5 hours of pharmacy continuing education annually. How do I know if the board has approved a training program? Approved training programs may be identified by checking our website for a listing. Click on the “Technicians” link then on “List of Approved Pharmacy Technician Training Programs.” A person who has completed a training program prior to board approval need not retake the entire program after it is approved provided there have been no significant changes in the program or provided the person receives additional training on the portion that has been changed. How do I request to take the PTCB test? Information about applying to take the PTCB can be found at www.ptcb.org. How do I sign up for the Virginia examination? The Virginia Pharmacy Technician Exam can be scheduled by contacting LaserGrade at 1-800-211-2754 to register for the exam. A Study Guide for the exam can be downloaded from the www.advancepharmacy.org website. Where and how often will the Virginia examination be offered? Testing for the Virginia examination will be held at a LaserGrade Computer Testing, Inc. facility. There are currently 11 testing locations in Virginia offering exams six days a week during normal business hours; some offer exams on Sundays and some evenings as well. As a general rule, an exam will be scheduled within 10-14 days of receiving the application. The link on the Board of Pharmacy website will allow you to locate the testing facility closest to you. What is the cost to take the PTCB or the Virginia examination? Check the PTCB website for current fee information for their exam. The cost for the Virginia examination is $55. Do persons newly hired to be pharmacy technicians have a “grace period” before they need to be registered with the Board of Pharmacy? Provided a person is enrolled in an approved pharmacy technician training program, that person can work as a pharmacy technician for up to nine months while going through the process to become registered. After the nine months, registration is required in order to continue working as a pharmacy technician. Every pharmacy using such a person shall have documentation on site and available for inspection showing that the person is currently enrolled in an approved training program, and the start date for the training. The pharmacist to technician ratio must be considered in this scenario. The new ratio is 1 pharmacist to 4 technicians. Of the 4 technicians only 2 may be “technicians in training” as described above. May I work in a pharmacy as a technician if I plan to take the PTCB exam in the future? Applying to take the PTCB is not considered to be enrollment in a Board approved training program. You may not work as a pharmacy technician unless you are registered or enrolled in a Board approved training program (see above). If you want to work while waiting to take the PTCB, you must be enrolled in an approved program. What are the requirements for continuing education? Guide to Continuing Pharmacy Education Requirements for Pharmacy Technicians Registered Pharmacy Technicians are required to obtain a minimum of 5 contact hours of continuing pharmacy education (CPE) per calendar year in order to maintain an active registration. This brochure is intended to help pharmacy technicians to better understand the CPE requirements. The Board of Pharmacy prepared this document as a guide in order to promote compliance with the statutes and regulations concerning CPE. Q. What is the minimum number of CPE hours required? When do I have to take them? A. The law requires a minimum of 5 contact hours per calendar year. You should receive all your certificates prior to sending in the license renewal in order to properly attest that you have met the requirements. The certificates should be dated between January 1 and December 31, inclusive, of the calendar year they are used. Q. May I carry over my extra hours to next year? What if I’m licensed in another state? A. No. The law does not allow any carryover. Although some states permit courses to be taken over a two-year period, Virginia does not. This means a pharmacy technician registered in Virginia must obtain at least 5 CPE hours each and every calendar year. Q. May I get an extension? A. Yes. A one-time extension may be possible if the request is made in writing to the Board prior to renewal. Q. I obtained my license in Virginia earlier this year. Do I need CPE credits now to renew my license for next year? A. Yes. Q. Do I have to obtain credits from any particular providers? A. Yes. In order to meet the CPE requirements, courses must be either ACPE approved or certain Category 1 CME or a program approved by the Virginia Board of Pharmacy. Any credits taken that do not meet these requirements cannot be used to satisfy CPE hours. Q. I’ve lost my certificates. What should I do? A. You should obtain a replacement from the course provider. ACPE approved providers must keep this information for at least five years. Some providers make it possible to print duplicates from their web sites. Q. Do I have to keep my certificates at work? A. No. Pharmacy technicians must keep their original certificates at their address of record. Pharmacy technicians are encouraged to keep an extra copy elsewhere, as a precaution, in the event the originals cannot be located. Q. I’ve taken a course near the end of the year and didn’t get my certificate until the next calendar year. How are the hours applied? A. The date the certificate is issued controls unless it is a “live” course. Live courses are counted on the date of attending the course. Q. What should I do if the Board audits me? A. Whenever the Board may contact you, you should respond promptly. Failure to respond may cause the Board to pursue disciplinary action. If the Board audits your continuing pharmacy education credits, find your original certificates and make a copy for yourself. Send the originals to the Board office by the deadline in the letter. Although not required, you may want to send your response by certified mail so that you have proof of mailing. If you do not have enough credits for the year(s) in question, you may send an explanation to the Board with your certificates. Your explanation will be taken into account when the Board determines whether disciplinary action should be pursued. If you have lost some or all of your certificates, you should immediately contact the respective providers for a replacement certificate and inform the Board of your actions. Current Board guidelines call for a monetary penalty of $100 for each missing hour of CPE, and $300 for each renewal falsely attesting to CPE compliance. Q. What can I do to keep my records better organized? A. Here are some suggestions that may help you to keep your CPE records organized and avoid disciplinary action: 1. Store your original certificates in a safe place where they are unlikely to be thrown out by mistake. 2. Keep a copy of your certificates, or at least a record of the course number, provider and date, in a secondary safe location (not with the originals). These are a back-up if you lose the originals. 3. BEFORE YOU RENEW YOUR LICENSE, look at your original certificates and verify compliance with the CPE requirements: 5 contact hours in pharmacy continuing education (some courses may carry a different number of credits for other professions) ACPE approved (look for the logo), or Category 1 CME courses focused on pharmacy, pharmacology or drug therapy, or a program approved by the Virginia Board of Pharmacy Each of your CPE certificates show a “date issued” on or prior to December 31 for the year in question. Note that it is your responsibility to maintain your CPE records for the current and two previous calendar years. You must complete the hours before you send in the licensure renewal. Top of Page Prescription Blank Requirements In 2003, the General Assembly eliminated the Virginia Voluntary Formulary as the standard for generic substitution for several reasons, and put into place the FDA "Orange Book" as the new standard. For this reason, the prescription blank requirement for a check box "Voluntary Formulary Permitted" had to be removed from law. There is now no set form for a written prescription blank. Because the term "brand medically necessary" is a nationally accepted term and one that is required by Medicaid in order to ensure payment for a branded product, this phrase was adopted in Virginia law as the required term to prohibit generic substitution. The new law did give prescribers three years to use up all their "old" prescription blanks before the new requirement took effect. After July 1, 2006, checking an old "dispense as written" box will not prohibit generic substitution. Below are some frequently asked questions on the subject: Q. When ordering new prescription pads, should the prescriber remove the Dispense as Written and Virginia Voluntary Formulary boxes from new prescription pads? A. Yes. After July 1, 2006, the Dispense as Written box will not prohibit substitution with a therapeutically equivalent drug, and the Virginia Voluntary Formulary is no longer recognized as the standard of therapeutic equivalence. The new standard is FDA's Orange Book which can be found on-line. http://www.fda.gov/cder/ob/default.htm Q. Can the prescriber put the phrase” Brand Medically Necessary” in the form of a check-box on the prescription pad or "stamp" the phrase on the prescription? A. Yes. The law does not state in what form the phrase should appear. However, the prescriber must handwrite the phrase in order to ensure payment for a branded product for Medicaid patients when there are generics available in the marketplace. Q. Can prescribers continue to use and deplete their current stock of the old two-check-box formatted prescription blanks after July 1, 2006? A. Yes. However, after this date, checking the "dispense as written" box will not prevent substitution. Prescribers will still need to indicate “Brand Medically Necessary” on the prescription when they do not want a generic dispensed. Q. Does this law that allows a pharmacist to substitute a "therapeutically equivalent" drug mean that a pharmacist can substitute a different drug within a therapeutic class? A. No. This law refers to what is commonly called generic substitution. The terminology used in the law is somewhat confusing, but the definition of "therapeutically equivalent drug product" in the law means a drug that contains the same active ingredient(s) identical in strength, concentration, and dosage form, and has been evaluated by FDA and deemed to be therapeutically equivalent to the brand name drug. Q. Do prescriptions have to be written on special security paper to assist in preventing forgeries? A. No. Virginia law does not require this at this time. Q. What are other requirements for prescriptions? A. See Board of Pharmacy, Guidance Document 110-35 (word .doc) available on the Board's website under guidance documents. Statutes related to generic substitution requirements with relevant phrases bolded: excerpt from §54.1-3401. Definitions "Therapeutically equivalent drug products" means drug products that contain the same active ingredients and are identical in strength or concentration, dosage form, and route of administration and that are classified as being therapeutically equivalent by the United States Food and Drug Administration pursuant to the definition of "therapeutically equivalent drug products" set forth in the most recent edition of the Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, otherwise known as the "Orange Book." § 54.1-3408.03. Dispensing of therapeutically equivalent drug product permitted. A. A pharmacist may dispense a therapeutically equivalent drug product for a prescription that is written for a brand-name drug product unless (i) the prescriber indicates such substitution is not authorized by specifying on the prescription, "brand medically necessary" or (ii) the patient insists on the dispensing of the brand-name drug product. In the case of an oral prescription, the prescriber's oral dispensing instructions regarding substitution shall be followed. B. Prescribers using prescription blanks printed in compliance with Virginia law in effect on June 30, 2003, having two check boxes and referencing the Virginia Voluntary Formulary, may indicate, until July 1, 2006, that substitution is not authorized by checking the "Dispense as Written" box. If the "Voluntary Formulary Permitted" box is checked on such prescription blanks or if neither box is checked, a pharmacist may dispense a therapeutically equivalent drug product pursuant to such prescriptions. C. If the pharmacist dispenses a drug product other than the brand name prescribed, he shall so inform the purchaser and shall indicate, unless otherwise directed by the prescriber, on both his permanent record and the prescription label, the brand name or, in the case of a therapeutically equivalent drug product, the name of the manufacturer or the distributor. Whenever a pharmacist dispenses a therapeutically equivalent drug product pursuant to a prescription written for a brand-name product, the pharmacist shall label the drug with the name of the therapeutically equivalent drug product followed by the words "generic for" and the brand name of the drug for which the prescription was written. D. When a pharmacist dispenses a drug product other than the drug product prescribed, the dispensed drug product shall be at a lower retail price than that of the drug product prescribed. Such retail price shall not exceed the usual and customary retail price charged by the pharmacist for the dispensed therapeutically equivalent drug product.

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If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911. Copyright 2005 © BestMedValues All rights reserved The products mentioned are trademarks of their respective owners and are not affiliated with or owned by BestMedValues or any of it's affiliated companies. Privacy Policy (as of 04/10/2006) | Terms Of Use Phentermine From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Phentermine Systematic (IUPAC) name 2-methyl-1-phenyl-propan-2-amine Identifiers CAS number 122-09-8 ATC code A08AA01 C01CA11 PubChem 4771 DrugBank APRD00093 Chemical data Formula C10H15N Mol. weight 149.233 g/mol Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability Peak plasma levels occur within 1 to 3 hours. Absorption is usually complete by 4 to 6 hours Protein binding Approximately 96.3% Metabolism hepatic Half life 16 to 31 hours Excretion Urinary elimination Therapeutic considerations Pregnancy cat. C(United States); ? (Australia) Legal status C-IV (US) Routes Oral Phentermine is a phenethylamine primarily used as an appetite suppressant. It is typically prescribed for individuals who are at increased medical risk because of their weight, as opposed to cosmetic weight loss. Phentermine is sold either as an immediate-release formulation (Adipex®) or as a slow-release resin (Ionamin®, Duromine® in Australia and New Zealand). Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Mechanism of action 3 Clinical use 4 Side effects 5 Contraindications 6 Internet Notoriety 7 Related Article 8 External links 9 References and End Notes [edit] History Phentermine is one of two drugs in the Fen-phen anti-obesity medication, the other being fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine. Fenfluramine was withdrawn from the U.S. market in 1997 after reports of valvular heart disease and pulmonary hypertension. Phentermine is still available by itself in most countries, including the U.S. However, because it is similar to the amphetamines, individuals may develop an addiction to it. Hence, it is classified as a controlled substance in many countries. Internationally, phentermine is a schedule IV drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (PDF file). In the United States, it is classified as a Schedule IV controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act. [edit] Mechanism of action Phentermine, as many other prescription drugs, works with neurotransmitters in the brain. It is a centrally-acting stimulant chemically related to the amphetamines. It stimulates neuron bundles to release a particular group of neurotransmitters known as catecholamines; these include dopamine, epinephrine (also known as adrenalin), and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). The anorectic activity seen with these compounds would thus seem likely due to this effect on Central Nervous System, which is consistent with current knowledge about Central Nervous System systems and feeding behavior. This is the same mechanism of action as other stimulant appetite suppresants such as diethylpropion, and phendimetrazine. The neurotransmitters signal a fight-or-flight response in the body which, in turn, puts a halt to the hunger signal. As a result, it causes a loss in appetite because the brain does not receive the hunger message. [edit] Clinical use Generally, it is recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that phentermine should be used short-term (usually interpreted as 'up to 12 weeks'), while following nonpharmacological approaches to weight loss such as healthy dieting and exercise. However, recommendations limiting its use for short-term treatment may be controversial. One reason given behind limiting its use to 12 weeks is drug tolerance, whereby phentermine loses its appetite-suppressing effects after the body adjusts to the drug. On the contrary, it has been shown that phentermine did not lose effectiveness in a 36-week trial (PMID 11054601). Due to the risk of insomnia, it is generally recommended that the drug be taken either before breakfast or 1-2 hours after breakfast. [edit] Side effects Generally, phentermine appears to be relatively well tolerated.[1] It can produce side effects consistent with its chycardia]], increased alertness, but the incidence and magnitude of these appear to be less than with the amphetamines. Because phentermine acts through sympathomimetic pathways, the drug ug on a long-term basis may develop euphoria and a psychological addiction [edit] Contraindications Phentermine should generally be avoided in patients with: Agitation Allergy/Hypersensitivity to other sympathomimetic amines Atherosclerosis Cardiovascular disease Glaucoma High blood pressure Hyperthyroidism Previous history of drug abuse Additionally, this drug should not be used at the same time or within 14 days following the use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. [edit] Internet Notoriety Recently, phentermine has drawn the ire of many internet users. The medication is one of the most commonly used terms in spam e-mails and bulletin board postings by bots. [edit] Related Article Obesity Anti-obesity drug [edit] External links MedLine Plus - Phentermine International Programme on Chemical Safety - Phentermine DrugBank:Phentermine TOXNET phentermine on pharmacywebsearch.com Link page to external chemical sources. 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May also be referred to as: Phentermine hci, Phentermine hcl, Phentermine hydrochloride, Adipex, Fastin, Ionamin, Obenix, Obephen, Oby-Cap, Oby-trim, Panshape M, Phentercot, Phenteride, Pro-Fast, Teramine, Zantryl. USES: This medication is used in combination with a diet plan to help you reduce weight. HOW TO USE: This medication is best taken on an empty stomach one hour before meals. Sustained-release or long acting products must be swallowed whole. Crushing or chewing them will destroy the long action and may cause increased side effects. Because this medication may cause sleeplessness, avoid taking a dose late in the day. Take this medication as prescribed. Do not take it more often or longer than directed. It is usually taken for 8 to 12 weeks. Use in combination with other appetite suppressant medicine is generally not recommended. Consult your doctor before such use. 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Consult your doctor or pharmacist for further information. This medication should be used only when clearly needed during pregnancy. Discuss the risk and benefits with your doctor. This drug may be excreted into breast milk. You may have to stop nursing or stop using this drug. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding. DRUG INTERACTIONS: Inform your doctor about all the medicines you use, (prescription and nonprescription) especially if you take: high blood pressure medicine, MAO inhibitors (e.g., furazolidone, linezolid, phenelzine, selegiline, tranylcypromine), any other weight loss medicine. Avoid "stimulant" drugs that may increase your heart rate such as decongestants or caffeine. Decongestants are commonly found in over-the-counter cough-and-cold medicines. Do not start or stop any medicine without doctor or pharmacist approval. OVERDOSE: If overdose is suspected, contact your local poison control center or emergency room immediately. Symptoms of overdose may include restlessness, fever, fast breathing, dizziness, confusion, hallucinations, panic or paranoid, drowsiness, convulsions, unconsciousness, unusually fast or slow heart beat, headache, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, pale or flushing, chest pain, sweating, muscle weakness, agitation, large pupils, or delusions. NOTES: Appetite suppressants are not a substitute for proper diet. For maximum effects, this must be used in conjunction with a diet and exercise program. Do not share this medication with others. MISSED DOSE: If you miss a dose, do not double the next dose. Instead, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule. STORAGE: Store at room temperature away from sunlight and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. IMPORTANT NOTE: The following information is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the expertise and judgment of your physician, pharmacist or other healthcare professional. It should not be construed to indicate that use of the drug is safe, appropriate, or effective for you. Consult your healthcare professional before using this drug. APPETITE SUPPRESSANTS - ORAL COMMON BRAND NAME(S): Fastin, Ionamin, Plegine, Prelu-2, Sanorex, Tenuate USES: This medication is used in combination with a diet plan to help you reduce weight. HOW TO USE: This medication is best taken on an empty stomach one hour before meals. Sustained-release or long acting products must be swallowed whole. Crushing or chewing them will destroy the long action and may cause increased side effects. Because this medication may cause sleeplessness, avoid taking a dose late in the day. Take this medication as prescribed. Do not take it more often or longer than directed. It is usually taken for 8 to 12 weeks. Use in combination with other appetite suppressant medicine is generally not recommended. Consult your doctor before such use. SIDE EFFECTS: Blurred vision, dizziness, dry mouth, sleeplessness, irritability, stomach upset or constipation may occur the first few days as your body adjusts to the medication. If these effects persist or become bothersome, inform your doctor. Notify your doctor if you experience: chest pain, nervousness, pounding heart, difficulty urinating, mood changes, breathing difficulties, swelling. If this medication makes you dizzy or lightheaded, avoid driving or engaging in activities requiring alertness. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist. PRECAUTIONS: Tell your doctor your complete medical history, especially if you have: high blood pressure, an over-active thyroid, glaucoma, diabetes, emotional problems. This medication can be habit forming and must be used with caution. Alcohol can increase unwanted side effects of dizziness. Limit alcohol use. This drug is not recommended for use in children. Consult your doctor or pharmacist for further information. This medication should be used only when clearly needed during pregnancy. Discuss the risk and benefits with your doctor. This drug may be excreted into breast milk. You may have to stop nursing or stop using this drug. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding. DRUG INTERACTIONS: Inform your doctor about all the medicines you use, (prescription and nonprescription) especially if you take: high blood pressure medicine, MAO inhibitors (e.g., furazolidone, linezolid, phenelzine, selegiline, tranylcypromine), any other weight loss medicine. Avoid "stimulant" drugs that may increase your heart rate such as decongestants or caffeine. Decongestants are commonly found in over-the-counter cough-and-cold medicines. Do not start or stop any medicine without doctor or pharmacist approval. OVERDOSE: If overdose is suspected, contact your local poison control center or emergency room immediately. Symptoms of overdose may include restlessness, fever, fast breathing, dizziness, confusion, hallucinations, panic or paranoid, drowsiness, convulsions, unconsciousness, unusually fast or slow heart beat, headache, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, pale or flushing, chest pain, sweating, muscle weakness, agitation, large pupils, or delusions. NOTES: Appetite suppressants are not a substitute for proper diet. For maximum effects, this must be used in conjunction with a diet and exercise program. Do not share this medication with others. MISSED DOSE: If you miss a dose, do not double the next dose. Instead, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule. STORAGE: Store at room temperature away from sunlight and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. What is the difference between blue and yellow color Phentermine? The blue and yellow Phentermine capsules are similar chemically. 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Upon approval, our US physicians will write an FDA approved prescription for you and the product will be filled and shipped by a US Licensed pharmacist direct to your doorstep, immediately and discreetly. DRUG INTERACTIONS Inform your doctor about all the medicines you use, (prescription and nonprescription) especially if you take high blood pressure medicine or MAO inhibitors (e.g., furazolidone, phenelzine, selegiline, tranylcypromine) or any other weight loss medicine. Avoid "stimulant" drugs that may increase your heart rate or blood pressure such as decongestants or caffeine. Decongestants are commonly found in over-the-counter cough and cold medicine. Phentermine is a generic form of Fastin. HOW TO USE THIS MEDICATION Take on an empty stomach, once daily, 30-60 minutes before breakfast. The tablet may be broken or cut in half. Do not crush or chew tablet. Because this medication may cause sleeplessness, avoid taking a dose late in the day. Take this medication as prescribed. Do not take it more often or longer than directed. MISSED DOSE If you miss a dose of Phentermine, do not double the next dose. Instead, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule. NOTES Appetite suppressants are not a substitute for proper diet. For maximum effects, this must be used in conjunction with a diet and exercise program. Do not share this medication with others. PRECAUTIONS Tell your doctor your complete medical history especially if you have high blood pressure, an over-active thyroid, glaucoma, diabetes or emotional problems. Consult with your doctor if you think you are pregnant or before breast-feeding. Alcohol can increase unwanted side effects of dizziness. Limit alcohol use. This drug is not recommended for use in children. Consult your doctor or pharmacist for further information. SIDE EFFECTS Dry mouth, sleeplessness, irritability, stomach upset or constipation may occur the first few days as your body adjusts to Phentermine. If these effects persist or become bothersome, inform your doctor. STORAGE Store at room temperature away from sunlight and moisture. Keep this and all medications out of the reach of children. DISCLAIMER This information is not intended to substitute for professional medical advice. Be sure to contact your physician, pharmacist or other health care provider for more information about this medication. Get Your Cheap Phentermine Prescription Here! Phentermine is an appetite suppressant designed for use as a short term weight loss aid in conjunction with proper diet and exercise. If you are looking to loose weight, Phentermine can be a good solution for you. Through the comprehensive information listed at RxTank, you can find the right pharmacy to buy generic Phentermine online and order a cheap Phentermine prescription at the right price. We can help you find the best pharmacy to buy the medications you rely on. We've have the most comprehensive generic prescription medication listing on the web. Sign up with our membership and from our list of available pharmacies, you can buy generic Phentermine online. Use our price and quantity comparison list below and receive top quality care at affordable prices. To get started in your search, click the first letter of the product in the alphabetic list. If you know the correct spelling of the medication you need, type the product name in the search box. It is that easy to get started… Why is this medication prescribed?Return to top Phentermine is used, in combination with diet and exercise, to help you lose weight. It works by decreasing your appetite. This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information. How should this medicine be used?Return to top Phentermine comes in tablets and extended-release capsules. It usually is taken as a single daily dose in the morning or three times a day 30 minutes before meals. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take phentermine exactly as directed. Most people take the drug for 3-6 weeks; the length of treatment depends on how you respond to the medication. Phentermine can be habit-forming. Do not take a larger dose, take it more often, or for a longer period than your doctor tells you to. To prevent side effects, phentermine should be taken with meals. If you are taking an extended-release (long-acting) product, do not chew or crush the tablet. There are some tablets that can be crushed and mixed with food. What special precautions should I follow?Return to top Before taking phentermine, tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to phentermine or any other drugs. tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking, especially fluoxetine (Prozac), fluvoxamine (Luvox), guanethidine, insulin, MAO inhibitors [phenelzine (Nardil) and tranylcypromine (Parnate)] even if you stopped taking them within the past 2 weeks, medications for weight loss and depression, paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft),and vitamins. tell your doctor if you have or have ever had heart disease, high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis (narrowing of the arteries), hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland), diabetes, glaucoma, or a history of drug abuse. tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding. If you become pregnant while taking phentermine, call your doctor. you should know that this drug may make you drowsy. Do not drive a car or operate machinery until you know how this drug affects you. remember that alcohol can add to the drowsiness caused by this drug. if you have diabetes, you may need a larger dose of insulin while taking phentermine. Call your doctor if you have questions or problems. What special dietary instructions should I follow?Return to top Follow the diet and exercise program your doctor has given you. Phentermine works best in combination with a diet program. What should I do if I forget a dose?Return to top Take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one. What side effects can this medication cause?Return to top Phentermine may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away: dry mouth unpleasant taste diarrhea constipation vomiting If you experience any of the following symptoms, call your doctor immediately: increased blood pressure heart palpitations restlessness dizziness tremor insomnia shortness of breath chest pain dizziness swelling of the legs and ankles difficulty doing exercise that you have been able to do If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online [at http://www.fda.gov/MedWatch/report.htm] or by phone [1-800-332-1088]. What storage conditions are needed for this medicine?Return to top Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom). Throw away any medication that is outdated or no longer needed. Talk to your pharmacist about the proper disposal of your medication. In case of emergency/overdoseReturn to top In case of overdose, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911. What other information should I know?Return to top Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. Your doctor will order certain lab tests to check your response to phentermine. Do not let anyone else take your medication. Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription. Phentermine is used as an appetite suppressant. It is used in conjunction with an overall diet plan to reduce weight. how to take phentermine Phentermine is best taken on an empty stomach one-half hour before breakfast. Because taking it may cause sleeplessness, avoid taking a dose late in the day. Take phentermine as prescribed. 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Consult your doctor or pharmacist for further information. phentermine interactions Inform your doctor about all the medicines you use, (prescription and nonprescription) especially if you take high blood pressure medicine or MAO inhibitors (e.g., furazolidone, phenelzine, selegiline, tranylcypromine) or any other weight loss medicine. Decongestants are commonly found in over-the-counter cough and cold medicine. phentermine general notes Appetite suppressants are not a substitute for proper diet. For maximum effects, this must be used in conjunction with a diet and exercise program. Do not share these pills with others. missed dosage of phentermine If you miss a dose, do not double the next dose. Instead, skip the missed dose of phentermine and resume your usual dosing schedule. phentermine storage Store phentermine at room temperature away from sunlight and moisture. Keep this and all medications out of the reach of children. Phentermine is not a substitute for a healthy lifestyle Phentermine is a helper. Have you ever thought about your food habits? Perhaps you have some that don't allow you to lose weight? Try to answer the following questions: Do you think you have to eat everything that is on the plate? When at someone's place, do you ask for more just to please the host? Do you often have meals while walking? Are you feeling like eating when in a bad mood? Do you sometimes take more meals even when you are full? Do you eat more than usual when annoyed or excited? Do you have snacks while reading, or watching TV, or surfing the web? Do you finish your meals fast? Looking in the fridge when nothing to do? Can you name all of your yesterday meals? It's not hard to tell that positive answers to all the above (except the last question) prove your habits to be disastrous. You are eating not because you are hungry. E.g. "Yes" to the second and the fifth question mean that you eat when full to please the others. Be strong; remember that friends indeed would always support you in your quest for loosing weight. If you have answered "yes" to the first question then you can't trash the food. You must be often trying the dishes while cooking or just without any schedule. Take a "Carrot or Cookie" test. Ask yourself, what are you feeling like more? If you are really hungry neither would get a favor. Choose a carrot then. If you have positive answers to the third, seventh and eighth question you have to change the style of having meals: when you eat fast or while walking or doing other stuff, it is hard for you to track the amount of food consumed. Serve the table, sit down, relax and start... slowly. "Yes" to #4, #6 and #9 mean that you are ruled by your mood, not your appetite. You better move to get rid of boredom or anxiety. Walking, biking, tennis will help you to relax. There is also another way: warm bathing. And finally, having "No" for the tenth question, you have to think about yesterday menu. Perhaps you had too many tasty things you'd prefer to forget about? Remember them as your yesterday weakness, it'll help you to be more reasonable in your meals today. Do you see now how having an appetite suppressant such as phentermine can help you benefit in loosing weight? Do you see now that it will take some efforts from you too? Starting an Exercise Plan along with phentermine course Beginning and exercise plan can take a little planning on your part if you have not been exercising for some time now. If you are overweight, or if you want to tone your body, starting an exercise plan is always a great topic to think about. If you want to start an exercise plan, and lose weight, Phentermine is a diet aid that works wonders in controlling your appetite, giving you extra energy, and it has a way of keeping you on track focusing on your exercise plan. First, you need to sit down and think about what you want to accomplish. If it has been a long time since you have done any type of exercising you will want to start out slowly and then build up to more exercises and more demanding exercises to get your body moving. It is important to start out slowly because your body is not accustomed to movements and stress. The additional movements and stress on your body urge your muscles to work, and in turn, you will burn calories. Through diet and exercise, your body will burn calories and will help you slim down, losing weight to hit the goals you have set for yourself. No one can do the exercise for you, this is something you have to plan and follow through with. Setting goals for an exercise plan can boost your health for years to come! A combination of exercise and the use of Phentermine does produce results. It is important to realize there is no magic pills that will help you lose weight without adding exercise to your plan. Exercise is a major fundamental in burning calories. Burning calories is going to help you to shed weight and it will tone your muscles. As you begin your exercise program you may feel the need to eat more but Phentermine controls that hunger so you eat less, and burn more calories during your exercise routines. The second step in a successful exercise plan is to form goals such as when you will exercise, what exercises you will be doing, and how you are going to track yourself. When you will exercise, can be any time of the day. If you need to make more time, make more time! Exercise can be something you perform, in your home, in the office, in the gym or even at a friend's house. Exercise should become a regular part of your day, even if it is just for ten minutes a day - which will be all you need it you stick to it. Now you have set times when you are going to exercise. This could be three times a week, four times a week or even every day depending on how long you are going to exercise. Exercising shorter amounts of time will require you to exercise more days per week. If you were to dedicate twenty minutes three times a week you can stick to that three days a week and lose weight, meeting your goals. Setting goals is another thing you should do when starting an exercise plan. What you will do is set your goal at a good pace. Say, three pounds a week, or so many hours a week, or you want to be down a size per month. Phentermine controls your appetite, so when you exercise you are burning calories from your body, which is how the overall plan of diet and exercise works together to help you meet your exercise goals. Exercise can be done right in your home or in your office. Stretching exercises are simple exercises that will help you stay loose, tone muscles, and you will feel more energetic as you will be pushing the blood through your body just by stretching and more oxygen gets to the portions of your body that will make you feel more awake. Exercise can be done right in your home. Simple additions to your day like toe touches, waist bends and even sit-ups are a great start. No one is going to start off doing aerobics, or running for miles, that comes months later as you rebuild the muscles in your body for a great calorie burning start. Exercise is something you will do in small steps building up your endurance and your abilities. Get on the move, set goals for your exercise plan and start meeting them using phentermine and exercise in combination to control your hunger while you burn calories. Your goals will be easier to meet, you will find more energy in your day and you will feel great all the while! Thousands and thousands of overweight people, who are obese are looking for the cure needed to lose weight for their fit future. With no confidence to approach the doctor, one can never lose the weight needed to be healthy. Having phentermine available on the internet they can purchase drugs online without facing embarrassing (yes, embarrassing!) conversations in person. It is much more cheaper on the internet sites than it is at the pharmacy next street. Phentermine is a drug that can be very dear per tablet but with the competition between online drugstores the prices are being kept low as possible. You need not to pay more for the same pillpack onlin. The OPs (which is common abbreviation for "online pharmacies") regulated by the FDA (Federal Drug Association) and run by licensed pharmacists are offering more savings and confidence for those who really want to lose weight. How does Phentermine work best for your personal needs? Phentermine helps you to control your hunger yet it helps provide you with additional energy so you can exercise. Exercising is a vital part of the diet process for everyone. Toning your body and making use of the muscles your body has, prevents additional problems that many who are overweight also suffer. Phentermine is the right choice for those who find they need the extra motivation to lose weight, and to do it in a manner that shows you results faster. We are a society that wants results now, faster which is what Phentermine does provide you when combined with exercise and your personal motivation to lose weight for a healthy you!

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Soma drugs / carisoprodol may also be used for purposes other than those listed in this medication guide. return to top Before using Prescription Soma Some medicines or medical conditions may interact with this medicine. INFORM YOUR DOCTOR OR PHARMACIST of all prescription and over-the-counter medicine that you are taking. USE OF SOMA DRUGS is not recommended if you are also taking cyclobenzaprine or medicine for depression or other emotional or mood disorders. If you are taking any of these medicines, be sure your doctor knows. ADDITIONAL MONITORING OF YOUR DOSE OR CONDITION may be needed if you are taking bupropion, narcotic analgesics, carbamazepine, or have a history of seizures. Inform your doctor of any other medical conditions, allergies, pregnancy, or breast-feeding. Contact your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions or concerns about using this medicine. 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Soma / carisoprodol is not approved for use in children younger than 12 years of age. return to top Possible side effects If you experience any of the following serious side effects, stop taking soma / carisoprodol and seek emergency medical attention: an allergic reaction (difficulty breathing; closing of your throat; swelling of your lips, tongue, or face; or hives); paralysis (loss of feeling) or extreme weakness vision loss agitation or tremor red, black, or bloody stools blood in your vomit other, less serious side effects may be more likely to occur Continue to take soma / carisoprodol and talk to your doctor if you experience: drowsiness or dizziness headache depression blurred vision or small pupils insomnia; hiccups faint ringing in the ears nausea, vomiting, or constipation Side effects other than those listed here may also occur. Talk to your doctor about any side effect that seems unusual or that is especially bothersome. return to top Drug interactions Many drugs can increase the effects of soma / carisoprodol and lead to heavy sedation. Before taking this medication, tell your doctor if you are taking any of the following medicines: antihistamines such as brompheniramine (Dimetane, Bromfed, others) chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton Teldrin, others) azatadine (Optimine) clemastine (Tavist) narcotics (pain killers) such as meperidine (Demerol) morphine (MS Contin, MSIR, others) propoxyphene (Darvon, Darvocet) hydrocodone (Lorcet, Vicodin) oxycodone (Percocet, Percodan) fentanyl (Duragesic) codeine (Fiorinal, Fioricet, Tylenol #3, others) sedatives such as phenobarbital (Solfoton, Luminal), amobarbital (Amytal) secobarbital (Seconal) phenothiazines such as chlorpromazine (Thorazine), fluphenazine (Prolixin) mesoridazine (Serentil) perphenazine (Trilafon) prochlorperazine (Compazine) thioridazine (Mellaril), and trifluoperazine (Stelazine) antidepressants such as doxepin (Sinequan) imipramine (Tofranil) nortriptyline (Pamelor) fluoxetine (Prozac) paroxetine (Paxil) sertraline (Zoloft) phenelzine (Nardil) tranylcypromine (Parnate) Other over-the-counter and prescription drugs may increase the effects of aspirin and cause dangerous side effects: oral anticoagulants such as warfarin (Coumadin) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen (Motrin, Rufen, others) ketoprofen (Orudis, Oruvail) naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn, Aleve) other commonly used NSAIDs, including diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam), etodolac (Lodine), fenoprofen (Nalfon), flurbiprofen (Ansaid), indomethacin (Indocin), ketorolac (Toradol), nabumetone (Relafen), oxaprozin (Daypro), piroxicam (Feldene), sulindac (Clinoril), and tolmetin (Tolectin) other salicylates (forms of aspirin) such as salsalate (Disalcid), choline salicylate, and magnesium salicylate bismuth subsalicylate in drugs such as Pepto-Bismol; and calcium supplements and antacids. other drugs that should not be combined with aspirin and carisoprodol include steroids such as prednisone (Deltasone) oral antidiabetic drugs such as glipizide (Glucotrol) and glyburide (Micronase, Diabeta) alcohol lithium (Lithobid, Eskalith, others) cyclosporine (Sandimmune) Drugs other than those listed here may also interact with soma / carisoprodol. Talk to your doctor and pharmacist before taking any prescription or over-the-counter medicines. return to top If you take too much If overdose is suspected, contact your local poison control center or emergency room immediately. Symptoms of overdose may include cold and clammy skin, low body temperature, slowed breathing, slowed heartbeat, drowsiness, dizziness, lightheadedness, seizures, deep sleep, and loss of consciousness. Seek emergency medical attention. Symptoms of an aspirin soma / carisoprodol overdose include: headache ringing in the ears dim vision small pupils nausea vomiting diarrhea sweating increased thirst low blood pressure (weakness, fainting, confusion) decreased breathing unconsciousness. return to top Additional information DO NOT SHARE THIS MEDICINE with others for whom it was not prescribed. DO NOT USE THIS MEDICINE for other health conditions. KEEP THIS MEDICINE out of the reach of children. IF USING THIS MEDICINE FOR AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME, obtain refills before your supply runs out. Soma This page contains drug information on Soma. The information provided includes the following: what is Soma the possible side effects of Soma what happens if you miss a dose of Soma what happens if you overdose with Soma the most important information about Soma how to use Soma other drugs that may affect Soma what to avoid while using Soma Generic Name: carisoprodol (kar eye soe PROE dole) Brand Names: Soma, Vanadom What is the most important information I should know about carisoprodol? • Use caution when driving, operating machinery, or performing other hazardous activities. Carisoprodol may cause dizziness or drowsiness. If you experience dizziness or drowsiness, avoid these activities. • Use alcohol cautiously. Alcohol may increase drowsiness and dizziness while you are taking carisoprodol. What is carisoprodol? • Carisoprodol is a muscle relaxant. It works by blocking nerve impulses (or pain sensations) that are sent to your brain. • Carisoprodol is used, along with rest and physical therapy, to treat injuries and other painful muscular conditions. • Carisoprodol may also be used for purposes other than those listed in this medication guide. Who should not take carisoprodol? • Do not take carisoprodol if you have acute intermittent porphyria. • Before taking carisoprodol, tell your doctor if you have kidney or liver disease. You may need a lower dose or special monitoring during your therapy. • It is not known whether carisoprodol will harm an unborn baby. Do not take carisoprodol without first talking to your doctor if you are pregnant. • It is also not known whether carisoprodol passes into breast milk. Do not take carisoprodol without first talking to your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby. • Carisoprodol is not approved for use in children younger than 12 years of age. How should I take carisoprodol? • Take carisoprodol exactly as directed by your doctor. If you do not understand these directions, ask your pharmacist, nurse, or doctor to explain them to you. • Take each dose with a full glass of water. • The maximum amount of carisoprodol you should take in one day is 1,400 mg (4 tablets). • Store carisoprodol at room temperature away from moisture and heat. What happens if I miss a dose? • Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and take only your next regularly scheduled dose. Do not take a double dose of this medication. Try to keep your doses at least 4 hours apart. What happens if I overdose? • Seek emergency medical attention. • Symptoms of a carisoprodol overdose include low blood pressure (weakness, fainting, confusion), decreased breathing, and unconsciousness. What should I avoid while taking carisoprodol? • Use caution when driving, operating machinery, or performing other hazardous activities. Carisoprodol may cause dizziness or drowsiness. If you experience dizziness or drowsiness, avoid these activities. • Use alcohol cautiously. Alcohol may increase drowsiness and dizziness while you are taking carisoprodol. What are the possible side effects of carisoprodol? • If you experience any of the following serious side effects, stop taking carisoprodol and seek emergency medical attention: · an allergic reaction (difficulty breathing; closing of your throat; swelling of your lips, tongue, or face; or hives); · paralysis (loss of feeling) or extreme weakness; · vision loss; or · agitation or tremor. • Other, less serious side effects may be more likely to occur. Continue to take carisoprodol and talk to your doctor if you experience · drowsiness or dizziness; · headache; · depression; · blurred vision; · insomnia; or · hiccups. • Side effects other than those listed here may also occur. Talk to your doctor about any side effect that seems unusual or that is especially bothersome. What other drugs will affect carisoprodol? • Many drugs can increase the effects of carisoprodol, which can lead to heavy sedation. Before taking this medication, tell your doctor if you are taking any of the following medicines: · antihistamines such as brompheniramine (Dimetane, Bromfed, others), chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton, Teldrin, others), azatadine (Optimine), clemastine (Tavist), and many others; · narcotics (pain killers) such as meperidine (Demerol), morphine (MS Contin, MSIR, others), propoxyphene (Darvon, Darvocet), hydrocodone (Lorcet, Vicodin), oxycodone (Percocet, Percodan), fentanyl (Duragesic), and codeine (Fiorinal, Fioricet, Tylenol #3, others); · sedatives such as phenobarbital (Solfoton, Luminal), amobarbital (Amytal), and secobarbital (Seconal); · phenothiazines such as chlorpromazine (Thorazine), fluphenazine (Prolixin), mesoridazine (Serentil), perphenazine (Trilafon), prochlorperazine (Compazine), thioridazine (Mellaril), and trifluoperazine (Stelazine); or · antidepressants such as doxepin (Sinequan), imipramine (Tofranil), nortriptyline (Pamelor), fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft), phenelzine (Nardil), and tranylcypromine (Parnate). • Drugs other than those listed here may also interact with carisoprodol. Talk to your doctor and pharmacist before taking any prescription or over-the-counter medicines. Where can I get more information? • Your pharmacist has more information about carisoprodol written for health professionals that you may read. Soma is a medication that acts as a muscle relaxant, usually for the purpose of helping patients deal with the pain associated with injury. On our site, generic Soma (known as Carisoprodol) is made available to consumers for the lowest prices online. The reason so many people decide to purchase their Soma online from our website is the service that we offer, and our low prices. That, combined with the convenience of online ordering, and not needing a prior prescription make ordering your Soma online from us an easy decision for you to make. If you are in the process of recovering from an injury, and need Carisoprodol to help during the recovery period, you can buy it online here and have it in your hands in as little as one or two business days. Keep in mind that Soma is not intended to directly heal the injury you have suffered. Rather, it works to temporarily suppress the pain so that you can more comfortably go on with your normal daily activities. Although, it is usually regarded as best to rest an injury such as that as much as possible. A good amount of rest, supervised physical therapy, and your daily dosages of Soma will often form a good plan for getting through and past a muscular injury. Soma is taken orally. A single pill is ingested, three times a day. It is recommended that you take it with food, or with milk, to minimize the likelihood that you will suffer an upset stomach as a result of taking the medication. When taking Carisoprodol, you should be very careful if you intend to ingest alcohol or alcoholic beverages. This medication may very well intensify the effects of the alcohol you ingest. In addition, you should refrain from operating dangerous machinery or from operating an automobile until you have an understanding of how having this medication in your system will effect your ability to perform the mental or physical tasks necessary for those activities. As always, keep this and all other medications (prescription, as well as over the counter) stored safely out of the reach of children. Soma, or its generic form called Carisoprodol is a muscle relaxant which works by blocking nerve impulses that are sent to your brain. Many poeple use Soma to treat injuries and other painful muscular conditions. It has the best results when taken in combination with rest, physical therapy and other measures. Although people find it benificial to use for other purposes, it is mainly meant to treat pain and stiffness of muscle injuries including the following: strains sprains and muscle spasms Take Soma exactly as directed by your doctor. If you do not understand these directions, ask your pharmacist, nurse, or doctor to explain them to you.Take each dose with a full glass of water.The maximum amount of Soma you should take in one day is 1,400 mg (4 tablets).Store Soma at room temperature away from moisture and heat.Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and take only your next regularly scheduled dose. Do not take a double dose of this medication. Try to keep your doses at least 4 hours apart. Carisoprodol belongs to the category of drugs known as muscle relaxants. These drugs directly react on the Central Nervous System to reduce pain. Soma is known to produce very few side effects which is why doctors prefer prescribing soma instead of other muscle-relaxants. The side effects from Soma are known to emerge as soon as you start taking the medication. In the starting days you may encounter problems like headache, body ache and other troubles. But once your body adapts to the medication, these side effects usually go away. You should continue using Soma even after you see few side effects during the early stages. However if any of the problem remains for longer than expected period you should contact your doctor immediately. It may happen sometime that drug may affect some patients adversely. The following is a list of side effects that may occur in the beginning stages of using Soma: SOMA' (carisoprodol) Tablets, USP is available as 350 mg round, white tablets. Chemically, carisoprodol is N-isopropyl-2- methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate. Carisoprodol is a white, crystalline powder, having a mild, characteristic odor and a bitter taste. It is very slightly soluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol, in chloroform, and in acetone; its solubility is practically independent of pH. Carisoprodol is present as a racemic mixture. The molecular formula is C 12 H 24 N 2 O 4 , with a molecular weight of 260.33. The structural formula is: Carisoprodol produces muscle relaxation in animals by blocking interneuronal activity in the descending reticular formation and spinal cord. The onset of action is rapid and effects last four to six hours. INDICATIONS Carisoprodol is indicated as an adjunct to rest, physical therapy, and other measures for the relief of discomfort associated with acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions. The mode of action of this drug has not been clearly identified, but may be related to its sedative properties. Carisoprodol does not directly relax tense skeletal muscles in man. CONTRAINDICATIONS Acute intermittent porphyria as well as allergic or idiosyncratic reactions to carisoprodol or related compounds. WARNINGS Idiosyncratic Reactions --On very rare occasions, the first dose of carisoprodol has been followed by idiosyncratic symptoms appearing within minutes or hours. Symptoms reported include: extreme weakness, transient quadriplegia, dizziness, ataxia, temporary loss of vision, diplopia, mydriasis, dysarthria, agitation, euphoria, confusion, and disorientation. Symptoms usually subside over the course of the next several hours. Supportive and symptomatic therapy, including hospitalization, may be necessary. Usage in Pregnancy and Lactation --Safe usage of this drug in pregnancy or lactation has not been established. Therefore, use of this drug in pregnancy, in nursing mothers, or in women of childbearing potential requires that the potential benefits of the drug be weighed against the potential hazards to mother and child. Carisoprodol is present in breast milk of lactating mothers at concentrations two to four times that of maternal plasma. This factor should be taken into account when use of the drug is contemplated in breast-feeding patients. Usage in Children --Because of limited clinical experience, `SOMA' is not recommended for use in patients under 12 years of age. Potentially Hazardous Tasks --Patients should be warned that this drug may impair the mental and/or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks such as driving a motor vehicle or operating machinery. Additive Effects --Since the effects of carisoprodol and alcohol or carisoprodol and other CNS depressants or psychotropic drugs may be additive, appropriate caution should be exercised with patients who take more than one of these agents simultaneously. Drug Dependence --In dogs, no withdrawal symptoms occurred after abrupt cessation of carisoprodol from dosages as high as 1 gm/kg/day. In a study in man, abrupt cessation of 100 mg/kg/day (about five times the recommended daily adult dosage) was followed in some subjects by mild withdrawal symptoms such as abdominal cramps, insomnia, chilliness, headache, and nausea. Delirium and convulsions did not occur. In clinical use, psychological dependence and abuse have been rare, and there have been no reports of significant abstinence signs. Nevertheless, the drug should be used with caution in addiction-prone individuals. PRECAUTIONS Carisoprodol is metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidney; to avoid its excess accumulation, caution should be exercised in administration to patients with compromised liver or kidney function. ADVERSE REACTIONS Central Nervous System --Drowsiness and other CNS effects may require dosage reduction. Also observed: dizziness, vertigo, ataxia, tremor, agitation, irritability, headache, depressive reactions, syncope, and insomnia. (See also Idiosyncratic Reactions under "Warnings." ) Allergic or Idiosyncratic --Allergic or idiosyncratic reactions occasionally develop. They are usually seen within the period of the first to fourth dose in patients having had no previous contact with the drug. Skin rash, erythema multiforme, pruritus, eosinophilia, and fixed drug eruption with cross reaction to meprobamate have been reported with carisoprodol. Severe reactions have been manifested by asthmatic episodes, fever, weakness, dizziness, angioneurotic edema, smarting eyes, hypotension, and anaphylactoid shock. (See also Idiosyncratic Reactions under "Warnings." ) In case of allergic or idiosyncratic reactions to carisoprodol, discontinue the drug and initiate appropriate symptomatic therapy, which may include epinephrine, antihistamines, and in severe cases corticosteroids. In evaluating possible allergic reactions, also consider allergy to excipients (information on excipients is available to physicians on request). Cardiovascular --Tachycardia, postural hypotension, and facial flushing. Gastrointestinal --Nausea, vomiting, hiccup, and epigastric distress. Hematologic --Leukopenia, in which other drugs or viral infection may have been responsible, and pancytopenia, attributed to phenylbutazone, have been reported. No serious blood dyscrasias have been attributed to carisoprodol. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION The usual adult dosage of `SOMA' (carisoprodol) Tablets, USP is one 350 mg tablet, three times daily and at bedtime. Usage in patients under age 12 is not recommended. OVERDOSAGE Overdosage of carisoprodol has produced stupor, coma, shock, respiratory depression, and, very rarely, death. The effects of an overdosage of carisoprodol and alcohol or other CNS depressants or psychotropic agents can be additive even when one of the drugs has been taken in the usual recommended dosage. Any drug remaining in the stomach should be removed and symptomatic therapy given. Should respiration or blood pressure become compromised, respiratory assistance, central nervous syste